Among the worms there is a large amount (more than 260 species) of parasitic forms, which belong to the subtypes of flat and round worms.Parasitic worms have long been recognized by Helminths scientific term, in this regard, branch of parasitology, studying them, was called helminthology.With the term "helminths", the word "worms", descending from the Latin root, coincides in the sense, which means "slippery".
Representatives of the pathogens of parasitic diseases belong to the animal kingdom.They parasitize other living creatures (plants, mushrooms, animals), and therefore science has arisen parasitology engaged in the study of all parasitic organisms.It is a general parasitology, and helminthology is already distinguished, that is, a science that studies the diseases caused by parasitic worms.
For the development of parasitic worms, the owner must be necessary, ie, the creature, whose body is a constant or temporary parasite habitat and at the same time serves as the source of its food.The owners of the parasites are divided into intermediate ones (in them Helminth passes the larvae phases) and finals (in them and only in them, the poison becomes sexually mature, invading).
Not a single organ and not a single person's tissue is not sure of the possibility of invading one or another helminth, but this is when the parasite is already in the human body.
Others are no less importantHelminest features, that is:
- For example, in such ancient helminth, as ascarids, it is necessary to consider the action of its anti -enzymes - anti -pepsin and antipyin that violate the digestive process.The unstable substances contained in the inner fluid ascarid cause various toxic-allergic reactions: urticaria, bronchospasm and convulsions, curvature and headache;
- Stage of development (eggs, larvae, change of owners);
- Sexual reproduction, in which the exchange of genetic information occurs, and this is the highest stage of development, leading to an increase in heterogeneous populations, that is, they become less tangible and achieved, it is more difficult to "reach" them;
- a huge duration of individual life (years, and sometimes as much as the owner of the parasite lives, and that means the chronic course of Helminthia);
- The ability to suppress or modify the immune response of the host, that is, later or later, arises a state of functional immunity, and this is extremely undesirable, because almost ideal conditions for the penetration of any rich pathogenic agents are created and often) and often) the "drazes" contained in the high -level immune system;
- The presence of one or another helminth of the immune response is weak and unstable, which means that there are practically no methods of immunoprophylaxis;
- Wider distribution, many habitats (water, soil, air, plants, etc.);
- Egg ability to continue in the outside environment (years) for a long time.
These properties allow for one or another type to survive in seemingly "inhumane" conditions.
The incidence of Helminthiasis in the world is extremely high: of nearly 6 billion people living on the planet now, 4 billion have been hit by one or another type of helminthosis, and given the fact that many are "carriers" of some parasites immediately, the picture will become even more impressive.
Body reaction
A person with his powerful group of compensatory-adaptive reactions, immune system, various non-specific and undergoing helminth protective obstacles may not respond to his presence, although sometimes the almost asymptomatic course of helminthiasis has been observed.But this is extremely rare, and it can most often be identified:
- Various toxic-allergic reactions, often skin.Moreover, if the cause of such reactions remains unfortunate, and clinical manifestations appear, then, first of all, a thorough examination is necessary for the presence of helminthic occupation;
- neuropsychiatric disorders.They are caused by a helminthic invasion, in which toxic substances are constantly introduced into the bloodstream, maintaining a certain level of toxin, leading to irritability, emotional endurance, "non -motivated" outbreaks of anger, loss of concentration, perseverance, rapid fatigue and sleep disorder.The overall increased weakness is characteristic.One of the patients, the athlete, complained that he had no "strength to shake a friend's hand in a meeting";
- Dyspeptic syndrome: varied, from ephemeral to manifestation of symptoms, including discomfort or abdominal pain, localization and often rare intensity, rumble and bloating, and a feeling of abdomen;And a change in appetite as in the direction of elevation (one of the unreasonable reasons of the doctor is "good appetite, means that I am healthy"), and a significant decrease in appetite, up to anorexia;This is a disorder of excrement from constipation to diarrhea;This is the development of deep multifactorial dysbiosis;
- Many helminth feeds on the owner's blood, being hemophagus, absorbing vitamin B12 and disrupt the absorption process of an anti -shoulder in the small intestine, damage the intestinal mucosa often and shallow, but in a large area.All this leads to chronic blood loss, and in some cases in the development of anemia.Here it is necessary to consider the inhibitory effect of toxins on the hematopoietic organs, which is also important in the development of anemia.With helminthiasses, an increased content of eosinophils is often detected (leukocyte cells actively involved in allergic reactions);
- The presence of helminthic occupation, subject to the development of anemia, especially in children, can lead to growth backwardness and physical underdevelopment, perhaps even with increased appetite;
- In children, various toxic-allergic reactions are often observed during planned vaccinations after vaccination;
- Helminthoses often provoke a deterioration of chronic diseases, while the location of the helminth and the location of the interested body may be completely different in localization in the body;
- Sometimes, in general, it is not very often, and perhaps the principle is caused here that "it is not profitable for no parasites to destroy its victim to the end, otherwise it will not be parasitized, losing and sheltering and overnight food", but, nevertheless, incompatible with the life of the owner.For example, with liver echinococcosis, brain finnosis.It should be noted that the pathogenicity of the helminths fluctuates widely depending on the object of parasitism.For example, for a person, Echinocok is extremely dangerous, and livestock live safely for many years with organs to germinate with einococcal bubbles that reach a mass of several pounds.
Characterization of parasitic worms
Helminths in the human body do not multiply, with the exception of species such as cutters, dwarfs.Helmint enters the body in the form of eggs or larvae.Direct infection of people affected by poisons does not occur, except those that are Cantigyes (gimonocepidosis, entorobiosis).
Infection from other helminthias occurs either through the soil (dirty hands - intestines - ascaridosis), or when the skin is contacted with soil (strungyloidosis) or water (skistosomosis), or when eating (shadowarnichosis, dihylobotriosis).
In the body, the helminates live in various organs and tissues: in the gut - ascarides, pinworms, tapeworms, tapes;in the liver - echinococci, opistorchi;In the muscles - trichinella;In the lungs - Paramiaonimus, in the blood - philles, schistosomes.
Filineus olistorchus foil
Infection of humans or animals occurs when eating raw or dried fish: Ya, roach, break.A bicondelog parasitizes in the liver and intestines of a person, dog, cat.Changes in the liver are characterized by jaundice, hepatitis, bile stones, cirrhosis.For the purpose of prevention, it is not recommended to eat raw or cold fish.
Pulmonary bicarry Paraonus Westerman
These biconds live in pairs in the lungs, in cysts formed in the smallest bronchi.Owners are a man, a cat, dog, a pig.
The infection occurs when you eat the affected raw crabs or nuts.A bicondelog penetrates the abdominal cavity, then through the diaphragm - into the lungs.The clinic is characterized by a stubborn cough, especially in the morning, with the discharge of rusty salivary color, perhaps with a mixture of blood.When affecting egg or parasitic metastases, liver, spleen, brain are affected.With the brain damage of the clinic depends on the location of the parasite (convulsive syndrome, paralysis, seizures).
For preventive purposes, it is not recommended to eat raw crabs and fish.
Another class includes flat worms - these are tape worms, which in turn are divided into tape and chain units.
The strip worms in the superimposed state are inhabitants of the intestinal vertebrates.
Along with similar features natural in the stripe worms, there are significant differences between strips and corks.This is especially important in the diagnostic plan, when it is necessary to identify parasites.
In strips, helmint - a wide ribbon is released (Difillobotrium Latum), which causes a disease called dihyllobotriosis.The tape is wide - a giant helminth, reaching a length of 15 m.It is a parasite of slaughter, lives in a person's small intestine, dog, cat.
A person is infected when eating fried fish insufficiently or poorly salty (river - ruff, perch, burbot; lake - trout, gray) with live larvae.Infection often occurs through fresh, vibrant pointed caviar.Some lovers squeeze caviar from the abdomen directly into the mouth, and along with the larvae can act, causing infection.
In the clinical appearance of diphyllobotria, dyspeptic disorders prevail: discomfort and abdominal pain of unstable localization, thunder, nausea, sometimes vomiting, a change in appetite, unstable excrement.It often develops, especially with a long course of illness, anemia (anemia).With dipillobotriosis, one of the main causes of anemia is the deficiency of vitamin B12.
Helmine removes vitamin B12 and other nutrients, eagerly absorbing them with the entire surface of its body, which, as the key to blocking, approaches the joint border of the intestine and thus increases the surface of the suction.With the development of anemia, the number of red blood cells decreases, degenerative forms appear, including macrocytes and megaloblasts.This indicates that with a secret course of occupation, changes still occur, which in the future can lead to the appearance of malignant anemia with face wax, skin, sharp weakness, tachycardia.
In the diagnosis of diphyllobotriasis, the clinical appearance of the disease does not always allow the correct diagnosis, therefore, the method of coprovoscopy is of great importance here, which allows you to detect the eggs of a wide ribbon in the feces, which are released in the external environment 3 weeks after the infection.
Eggs come up with the feces of the dog and climb to her wool.They can be listed in a person's mouth and swallowed if you hit the infected dog, and then get food with unwashed hands.The same can happen with a dog's kisses.In the northern places where dogs are the nearest domestic animal for humans, ecinococcosis in humans is quite common.
The echinococcal clinic is characterized by painful pain in the proper hypochondrium, where a tumor formation is determined with a smooth round surface and, when breathing, moving with the liver.As a complication of the disease, there may be a cyst or cyst suppression, a progress on bile paths, associated with sharp pain, jaundice, in advanced liver cases, can form numerous abscesses, which leads to death.
With echinococcosis of the lungs, single cysts predominate, most often located in the lower part of the right lungs.In the initial stage, the disease is often randomly diagnosed with an X -Rrrous examination of the chest.Over time, coughing, hemoptysis, chest pain appear.It is noted that the growth of echinococcus cysts in the lungs is often not inferior to the rate of growth of malignant tumors.In the diagnosis of echinococcosis, the methods of choice are: radiological studies, ultrasound, tomography, scan, laparoscopy, serological methods.
For prevention, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene when keeping dogs and taking care of them;Make sure you wash your hands after contact with the dog;avoid dogs to a person's food and his dishes;Limit direct contact of children and dogs.Standing dogs are wherever they are subjected to capture.
Sanitary education of the population is essential.
Dwarf Chain - Hymenolepis Nana
The disease it causes is called hymenolipidosis.Dwarf carpeen is in negligible size against a wide ribbon and reaches a length of only 1-4 cm.
It is noteworthy that the development of the dwarf cork occurs in an owner, in which the larvae phase passes from the beginning, and then becomes sexually mature.Thus, a person in this case is also an intermediate and last master.
The main habits of the cork is ileum, and usually parasitizes many individuals (there are cases of finding about one thousand copies in the patient).
In the clinical appearance, abdominal cramps, weight loss, unstable stools, neuropsychiatric disorders (insomnia, convulsions, epileptic seizures) predominate.
The diagnosis is confirmed when confirming the dwarf eggs in the feces, and the release of eggs is often interrupted, therefore, in the case of a negative result, it is recommended to do a 2-3 times a month study.
Prevention: Dwarf color parasitizes mainly in children, that is, in the childhood institution, where patients have been discovered, it is necessary to examine all children and staff for the presence of this helminthic occupation.This also applies to family members.
NO -The widespread day is such a helminthic invasion as ascariasis
The causative agent is a human round worm.The ancient Russian name of ascarids is the range.Popular figurative language by this name, descending from the word "string", accurately characterizes the flexibility and elasticity of the Helminth body.Human infection occurs when ripe eggs, invasive soil particles, when eating poorly washed vegetables and berries, infected fruits, sometimes when you drink water from open reservoirs.
Ascarides relate to "disturbed" helminths, their activity and mobility is a common cause of atypical localization.They are able to enter the appendix, causing the development of acute appendicitis;in liver and pancreas canals with the development of fever, liver pain, abscess, jaundice, in advanced cases - in the rupture of the liver;Trachey can reach the upper respiratory tract, provoking the asphyxia of nasal passages and even eustachian tubes.The intestinal obstruction caused by a tube of ascarid, or due to the reflex spasm of the intestine, is not excluded, even in the presence of single parasites.
The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of eggs in the feces, but it should be borne in mind that ascaroid eggs are missing in intestinal movements in the presence of immature or older females in the intestine, as well as when parasitizing some males, which is observed in 3.5 % of cases.Prevention: Vegetables and fruits should be thoroughly washed and dissolved with boiling water before eating, it is not recommended to drink non -lifelines.
Another type of nematodosis is enterobiosis.This disease is caused by vermicularis cutter.
In addition to severe skin itching in the perianal region, irritation and combing lead to polymorphic dermatitis.Probably the penetration of worms and larvae into urogenital paths, vagina in women.Functional changes in the gut are characteristic: pain in the right iliac region, diarrhea, decreased appetite, as well as disorders of the nervous system with headaches, poor sleep, irritability, decrease in performance.
In the diagnosis of enterobiosis, the fact that patients often mark the release of pinworms worms is important.The pin in the intestine does not lay eggs, so they are extremely rare in the intestinal movements.The main diagnostic method is perianal scrap in different modifications, the "adhesive tape" method.
To prevent enterobiosis, it is necessary for children to remove, absorb, absorb, and lick their fingers.Nails should be briefly cut and follow their purity.It is necessary to often place the room with wet cleaning and ventilation.Chairs, floor toilets and night containers are poured with boiling water.
The main methods of treatment
- Pumpkin seeds
- Male Ferni Extract, Pumpkin Seeds, Dichlorofen
- walnut
- St. John's roof is drilled
- Devyasil is tall
- 1 tsp.Dried crusty rhizomes insist for 8 hours in 1 cup of cooled boiled water, strain.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Boil 20 g of root rhizomes in 1 cup of water, insist for 4 hours, strain.Get 1 tbsp.l.3-4 times daily 20 minutes before meals.
- carrot
- Grate some ancient root in a grater or pass through a meat grinder;Squeeze the juice.Fresh juice before using honey or sugar mixture to taste.Get 1 tbsp.l.2 times a day in the morning-on an empty stomach and in the evening 1-1-1.5 hours before meals.
- 3 tbsp.l.Simmer the carrots minced in 1 cup of milk.Get Slurry Carrot for 1 tbsp.l.3-4 times daily before meals.
- Rod brush
- Instant
- Mary is anti -clad
- Birça is of height
- 1 tsp.The birch buds insist 1 hour in 1/2 cup boiling water, strain.The infusion is divided into 3 parts.Drink the whole section per day in 3 doses.
- Simmer 5 g of birch buds for 15 minutes in 1 cup of water, insist for 1 hour, strain.Take 15-20 drops of water 2-3 times a day.
- Daisy
- Medical flower
- 1 tsp.The roots and herbs of dandelion are injected for 1 hour in 1 cup boiling water, strain.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Dandelion roots powder (take a dose placed on top of a knife) with water 3 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- THORNS
- 1 tsp.Insist olla in 1 cup of cold boiling water.Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.
- Simmer 30 g in 1 liter of water.Take 1/2 cup 3 times a day.
- Hazel
- Garlic is planted
- Siberian
- Male fern
- The usual timyan (garden thyme)
- Squash
- Pomegranate
Mechanism of action: changes the motor activity of the parasite, causing the first relaxation, and then contraction of the muscles.At the same time, due to the tensile waves, the helminth is expelled.
Method of application and dose
Inside.They are mainly used in the presence of contraindications for the use of male ferrous extract.2 days before treatment, a cleaning enema is prescribed daily in the morning and a salt laxative on the eve of the evening.On the day of treatment, on an empty stomach, they place an enema regardless of the presence of a chair.
Method of application and dose
Inside, children-0.25-0.5 g, adults-1.0–1.5 g;once a day.Perform 5-7 daily treatment courses with an interval of 7 days.A month later, an anti -seven -day treatment course was described.
Application method
3 tablespoons.Dried leaves insist on 2 cups of boiling water for 20-30 minutes.Drink warm in some tricks like tea.
Application method
10 g of the dried grass of St. John, produced in 1 cup of boiling water, insist.Take 1 tablespoon 2-4 times daily after meal.
Application method
Application method
In medical practice, dry worm inflorescences are used.They are rubbed in a mortar and taken in a mixture of sugar, marmalade, honey, 5 g "citvar seed" (for adults) 3 times daily 1.5-2 hours before meals for 2 days;After the last waiting at night, a laxative is described.
Side phenomena for overdose: vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, respiratory suppression and cardiac activity.
In essence, due to toxicity, it is used in adults, not in children.Centers and essential oil have an anthelmintic effect against nematodes, especially effective for ascaridosis and enrobiosis.For this purpose, dried flowers can be taken in the form of a dust, in the form of an infusion (1:10), as well as in enemas from the extract of the top.And 1 tbsp.l.3 times a day (with ascaridosis and enterobiosis).
Application method
1 tsp.The dry portion of Marie Anti -Glass, along with the fruits, insist 2 cups of boiling water, strain.Get 1 tbsp.l.3 times daily 20 minutes before meals.
Kidney boiling has an anthelmintic effect on round worms.
Application method
A decoction is used to expel small worms.
Application method
2 tablespoons.Insist the herb with niva flower baskets for 4 hours in 1 cup boiling water, strain.Get 1 tbsp.l.3-4 times a day.To use a stronger infusion for washing and lotions.
All parts of the plant have an anthelmintic effect.
Application method
Omel has an anthelmintic action (in round worms).
Application method
Nut oil is taken inside as an anthelmutal agent for ascarids.
Warm garlic decoction is used for anthelmintic enemas.With pinworms, a slice of garlic onions is inserted into the anus, which kills parasites.
A turpentine is taken from Larch.In folk medicine, terpentine is used inside as a medicine for bar worms.
Rhizomes have a very effective effect against ribbon worms.
Timol is obtained from the essential oil of the plant, which acts on the stripe worms, paralyzing their muscles.
Seeds cleaned with a gray skin, lost and mixed with water, are consumed against tapeworm worms.
Application method
Pumpkin seeds get an empty stomach;Adult doses - 150-200 g, baby - 50-100 g.
Adults are prescribed a decoction of 500 g of immature seeds, children 10 years old from 300.0 g, 5-7 years old from 200.0 g, up to 5 years from 100-150.0 g.
The continuous purpose of pumpkin seeds in a conventional and extract of seed in small doses (adults 2.5-3.0 g, children by age) increases the effectiveness of treatment.Ferni extract is described an hour after receiving pumpkin seeds, and after receiving the Ferni extract, laxative is given.
The root bark and grenade branches have a strong paralyzing effect on the bar worms.
Application method
1 tsp.Simmer the decay of the skin (peel) of the fruit or pomegranate flowers in 1 cup of water, insist for 2 hours, strain.Get 1 tbsp.l.3 times a day before meals.
It is necessary to start treatment as soon as possible.